Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae

Status: Category II (EN). Endangered.

Importance for gene pool preservation: In Turkmenistan, the subspecies F.m. ferrugineus Ognev, 1928 is present. It plays a key role in preserving the gene pool of the species.

Distribution: Kopetdag and Greater Balkhan. Also found in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Russia, and India.

Habitat: Found in mountainous regions (750–2500 m above sea level) with rocky outcrops, stony slopes, foothill steppes, shallow gorges with grasses and shrubs, and dense vegetation near mountain springs.

Population and dynamics: Distribution is fragmented, and populations are scarce and isolated. From 1970 to 2010, only 9 individuals were recorded in Central Kopetdag. In 2019–2021, sightings were confirmed in Gokdere, Koldoben Gorge, Greater Balkhan, Murzedag, Jinly Gorge, and the Jamal cave.

Biology: Solitary lifestyle. Hides in rock crevices, under large stones, and among grass near water sources. Breeds in May–June; usually 2–5 kittens per litter. Feeds mainly on rodents and birds.

Captive breeding: Not conducted.

Conservation actions applied: Listed in the IUCN Red List (NT) and in the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan since 1985. Protected in the Syunt-Hasardag and Kopetdag State Nature Reserves.

Proposed actions: Establish a nature reserve in Greater Balkhan. Raise public awareness.

Research recommendations: Study habitats, especially in Eastern Kopetdag; conduct monitoring in Geokdepe and Baharden forestry zones.