Order: Carnivora — Family: Felidae
Status: Category I (CR). Critically endangered species.

Importance for gene pool preservation: In Turkmenistan, the subspecies P. p. tulliana (formerly P. p. saxicolor, Pocock, 1927) occurs. The Turkmen population is of critical importance for the conservation of the species across Central Asia.

Distribution: In the 1950s, the leopard was distributed across all mountainous regions of Turkmenistan, including the tugais of Tejen, the Western Uzboy, Karabogaz area, and Western Ustyurt. Today, it is found in limited areas along the ridges and gorges of the Greater Balkhan, Western and Central Kopetdag, and Western Badkhyz. Outside Turkmenistan, it is found in Uzbekistan, Western Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, and Russia.

Habitat: Prefers rugged mountain gorges, foothills, and low mountains. It is commonly found in juniper and pistachio woodlands.

Population and dynamics: In the 1980s, 150–190 individuals were recorded in Turkmenistan. This number declined to 78–90 in the 1990s and further dropped to 70–75 by 1999. Following joint conservation efforts with WWF, the population rose to 85–90 by 2004. Currently, there are 18–20 individuals in Badkhyz, 10–12 in Eastern Kopetdag, 30–35 in Central Kopetdag, 20–25 in Western Kopetdag, and 5–7 in the Greater Balkhan. Total population is estimated at 80–100 individuals.

Biological peculiarities: Leopards are solitary and require large territories. In Central Kopetdag, a single adult occupies approximately 103.4 ± 5.8 km². The species reproduces throughout the year. Females give birth to 1–2, rarely 3 cubs, which stay with the mother for up to two years. Diet consists of various animals, primarily wild ungulates.

Breeding: No dedicated breeding programs have been implemented.

Conservation actions applied: Listed as CR on the IUCN Red List and included in the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan since 1985. Protected in Syunt-Hasardag, Kopetdag, and Badkhyz State Nature Reserves. Included in CITES Appendix I and CMS Appendix II.

Proposed conservation actions: Establish a new State Nature Reserve in the Greater Balkhan mountains, possibly connecting with sanctuaries in Lesser Balkhan and Karabogaz. Increase conservation and public awareness efforts.

Research proposals: Conduct regular monitoring of the population and its distribution.